
Artificial intelligence is no longer just playing games; it is now rewriting the underlying mathematical algorithms that govern them. For years, designing algorithms for complex scenarios relied heavily on human intuition and painstaking trial-and-error. This is especially true in Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL), a branch of artificial intelligence where multiple software ‘agents’ learn to make decisions by interacting with each other in a shared environment. It is used to model complex real-world systems like autonomous traffic management or financial trading. The challenge multiplies in imperfect-information games – scenarios where players do not have access to all the information about the game state, such as an opponent’s hidden cards in poker. This is significantly more complex for AI to solve than...







